Advanced Strategies & InstrumentsAdvanced📖 9 min read

Factor Investing

A structured way to seek return drivers — with long droughts and behavioral pain.

What factors are
Systematic return drivers
Why hard
Long underperformance periods
Best use
Rules-based diversification
Main risk
Crowding and regime shifts

Factor investing targets broad, repeatable drivers of returns (factors) rather than picking single stocks. The benefit is clarity and discipline; the cost is that factors can underperform for years, and many investors quit at the worst time.

Table of Contents

Factor Basics

Factor
A measurable characteristic associated with differences in expected returns across assets.

Common equity factors (high level)

  • Value: Cheaper vs. fundamentals
  • Momentum: Recent winners continue
  • Quality: Profitability, balance sheet strength
  • Size: Smaller companies behave differently than large caps

What People Get Wrong

Misread #1: "A factor is a free lunch"
Misconception
If research shows a premium, I can earn it smoothly.
Better Frame
Factor premiums come with pain: drawdowns, long droughts, and tracking error versus the market.
Misread #2: "I can rotate into the best factor"
Misconception
Just buy the factor that worked last year.
Better Frame
Chasing recent winners often means buying crowded trades late. Rotation requires a real signal, not performance recency.

Implementation Checklist

Make it survivable

  • Diversify across factors to reduce single-factor drought risk.
  • Use low-cost vehicles; small edges can be eaten by fees.
  • Define a holding period; frequent switching increases costs.
  • Expect underperformance and pre-commit to a process.
Checkpoint
What is the biggest reason factor strategies fail for individuals?

Key Takeaways

1

Factor investing is systematic, not story-based — but it is not easy emotionally.

2

Expect long periods of underperformance; design for endurance.

3

Fees and discipline decide whether a small edge becomes real.

Related Terms

Apply This Knowledge

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