Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable
Contra-Asset Estimate for Uncollectible Customer Invoices
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable (also called Bad Debt Allowance or Provision for Doubtful Accounts) is a contra-asset account that reduces gross accounts receivable to reflect the portion management expects will never be collected. It represents a prudent estimate of credit losses from customers who won't or can't pay their invoices, ensuring the net receivables on the balance sheet are stated at a realistic collectible amount.
Why the Allowance Exists
When you sell on credit, some customers inevitably won't pay—bankruptcy, disputes, or just slow payment turning bad. You can't wait forever to recognize this reality.
The allowance lets you estimate and reserve for these losses upfront, matching the bad debt expense to the same period as the related sales revenue.
Without it, receivables would be overstated and profits inflated until actual write-offs hit.
A Straightforward Example
Your company has $1 million in gross accounts receivable at year-end.
- Based on history and aging, you estimate 5% ($50,000) will be uncollectible
- You record $50,000 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
- Balance sheet shows: Gross AR $1M less Allowance $50k = Net AR $950k
- Income statement: $50k Bad Debt Expense reduces profit
Next year a $20k invoice indeed goes bad → write it off: reduce Gross AR and Allowance by $20k each. Net AR unchanged, no new expense.
Common Estimation Methods
- Percentage of Sales: Apply historical bad debt % to credit sales (income statement approach)
- Aging of Receivables: Higher % for older invoices (balance sheet approach)
- Risk-Based/Specific: Identify troubled customers individually
- Expected Credit Loss (CECL/IFRS 9): Forward-looking model including macro factors
Most companies blend aging with percentage for accuracy.
Accounting Entries
- Annual estimate: Debit Bad Debt Expense, Credit Allowance
- Actual write-off: Debit Allowance, Credit Gross AR
- Recovery of written-off: Reverse write-off then record cash
Write-offs don't hit expense—they use the existing allowance.
Balance Sheet Presentation
Typically shown as:
- Deduction directly below Gross AR
- 'Accounts Receivable, net of allowance of $X'
- Or separate contra-asset line
Footnotes detail method, aging schedule, and movement rollforward.
What to Watch For
- Allowance % of gross AR (too low = aggressive, too high = cookie jar)
- Trend vs. historical loss rates
- Aging quality (more in 90+ days = risk)
- Write-offs vs. allowance (under/over provisioned?)
- Macro impact (recessions spike losses)
Sudden allowance release can artificially boost earnings.
Key Takeaways
Allowance estimates portion of receivables expected uncollectible.
Contra-asset reducing gross AR to realistic net amount.
Bad debt expense matches losses to sales period.
Methods: aging, % of sales, expected credit loss models.
Write-offs use allowance—no direct P&L hit.
Key indicator of credit quality and management conservatism.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable
Contra-Asset Estimate for Uncollectible Customer Invoices
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable (also called Bad Debt Allowance or Provision for Doubtful Accounts) is a contra-asset account that reduces gross accounts receivable to reflect the portion management expects will never be collected. It represents a prudent estimate of credit losses from customers who won't or can't pay their invoices, ensuring the net receivables on the balance sheet are stated at a realistic collectible amount.
Table of Contents
Why the Allowance Exists
When you sell on credit, some customers inevitably won't pay—bankruptcy, disputes, or just slow payment turning bad. You can't wait forever to recognize this reality.
The allowance lets you estimate and reserve for these losses upfront, matching the bad debt expense to the same period as the related sales revenue.
Without it, receivables would be overstated and profits inflated until actual write-offs hit.
A Straightforward Example
Your company has $1 million in gross accounts receivable at year-end.
- Based on history and aging, you estimate 5% ($50,000) will be uncollectible
- You record $50,000 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
- Balance sheet shows: Gross AR $1M less Allowance $50k = Net AR $950k
- Income statement: $50k Bad Debt Expense reduces profit
Next year a $20k invoice indeed goes bad → write it off: reduce Gross AR and Allowance by $20k each. Net AR unchanged, no new expense.
Common Estimation Methods
- Percentage of Sales: Apply historical bad debt % to credit sales (income statement approach)
- Aging of Receivables: Higher % for older invoices (balance sheet approach)
- Risk-Based/Specific: Identify troubled customers individually
- Expected Credit Loss (CECL/IFRS 9): Forward-looking model including macro factors
Most companies blend aging with percentage for accuracy.
Accounting Entries
- Annual estimate: Debit Bad Debt Expense, Credit Allowance
- Actual write-off: Debit Allowance, Credit Gross AR
- Recovery of written-off: Reverse write-off then record cash
Write-offs don't hit expense—they use the existing allowance.
Balance Sheet Presentation
Typically shown as:
- Deduction directly below Gross AR
- 'Accounts Receivable, net of allowance of $X'
- Or separate contra-asset line
Footnotes detail method, aging schedule, and movement rollforward.
What to Watch For
- Allowance % of gross AR (too low = aggressive, too high = cookie jar)
- Trend vs. historical loss rates
- Aging quality (more in 90+ days = risk)
- Write-offs vs. allowance (under/over provisioned?)
- Macro impact (recessions spike losses)
Sudden allowance release can artificially boost earnings.
Key Takeaways
Allowance estimates portion of receivables expected uncollectible.
Contra-asset reducing gross AR to realistic net amount.
Bad debt expense matches losses to sales period.
Methods: aging, % of sales, expected credit loss models.
Write-offs use allowance—no direct P&L hit.
Key indicator of credit quality and management conservatism.
Related Terms
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